The Minotaur
The Minotaur book cover

The Minotaur

Kindle Edition

Price
$8.99
Publisher
Vintage Crime/Black Lizard
Publication Date

Description

“One of the most remarkable novelists of her generation.” — People “It is not just her command of language, characterization and plotting that makes her a master, but the authority of her unflinching moral vision.”– Newsday “The Minotaur , oozing with menace and malice, is a superb piece of work. It deserves to win lots of prizes”– The Evening Standard “The best mystery writer in the English-speaking world.” — Time “My dream writer. Her crime studies are subtle, mysterious affairs that never turn out quite the way you anticipate. Her characters have secret, often ugly depths that make them strangers with uncomfortably familiar features. And her prose style, so intricate in design and supple in execution, has the disquieting intimacy of an alien touch in the dark.” —Marilyn Stasio, The New York Times Book Review “Surely one of the greatest novelists presently at work in our language.” —Scott Turow“Those who haven’t read her books have missed something unique and wonderful.” —Tony Hillerman“Barbara Vine has transcended her genre by her remarkable imaginative power to explore and illuminate the dark corners of the human psyche.” —P. D. James“Unequivocally the most brilliant mystery writer of our time. She magnificently triumphs in a style that is uniquely hers and mesmerizing.” —Patricia Cornwell“Her clear, shapely prose casts the mesmerizing spell of the confessional.” — The New Yorker “One of the finest practitioners of her craft in the English-speaking world.” — The New York Times Book Review From the Trade Paperback edition. Edgar Award–winning author Ruth Rendell (b. 1930) has written more than seventy books that have sold more than 20 million copies worldwide. A fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (London), she is the recipient of the Grand Master Award from the Mystery Writers of America and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Crime Writers’ Association. Rendell’s award-winning novels include A Demon in My View (1976), A Dark-Adapted Eye (1987), and King Solomon’s Carpet (1991). Her popular crime stories featuring Chief Inspector Reginald Wexford were adapted into a long-running British television series (1987–2000) starring George Baker. --This text refers to an alternate kindle_edition edition. Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved. 1I AM A CARTOONIST.We are thin on the ground, we women cartoonists; it's still thought of as a man's job, and there are even fewer of my sort who aren't English and never went to art school. Over the close-on thirty years that I have been contributing a couple of cartoons to each issue of a weekly news magazine, I have drawn Harold Wilson and Willy Brandt, Mao Zedong and Margaret Thatcher (hundreds of times), John Major, Neil Kinnock, David Beckham, and Tony Blair (nearly sixty times). People say I can catch a likeness with a few strokes and squiggles; they know who it's supposed to be before they read the caption or the balloon coming out of a character's mouth. But I was no child artist prodigy, I don't remember learning anything about art at school and for years all I ever drew was a Dog Growing for my small niece and nephew.I'll tell you about the Dog Growing because you may want to make one for your own children. You take a sheet of paper; a letter-sized sheet, cut vertically in half, will do very well. Then you fold it in half again and fold the folded-over piece back on itself to make an inch-wide pleat. Flatten it our again and draw a dog across the folds. It's best to make it a dachshund or a basset hound because it should have a long stretch of body between forelegs and hindlegs. Then refold your paper into its pleat. The dog now has a short body but when the child opens the pleat the dog grows into a dachshund. Of course, when you get practiced at it, you can make a Giraffe's Neck Growing or a Turkey Growing into an Ostrich. Children love it and that was all I ever drew all through my teens and when I was at university.I was going to be a nurse and then I was going to reach English. I never considered drawing as a career because you can't make a living out of a Dog Growing. It was in the late sixties when I came to England, fresh from the University of Lund and my English degree and with a fairly humble nursing qualification. I had a job lined up and a place to live, but my real motive in coming was to renew my love affair with Mark Douglas.We had met at Lund, but when he graduated he had to go home and all his letters urged me to follow him. Get a job in London, get a room. Everyone in London, he wrote, lives in a bedsitter. I did the next best thing and got a job in Essex, near the main line from Liverpool Street to Norwich. The family who was employing me was called Cosway, and the house they lived in, Lydstep Old Hall. I had never in my life seen anything like that house.It was very large yet it hardly looked like a house at all, more a great bush or huge piece of topiary work. When I first saw it in June it was entirely covered, from end to end and from foundation to the line of the roof, in intensely green Virginia creeper. I could see it was oblong and that its roof was almost flat but if there were architectural features such as balconies, railings, recessed columns, stonework, none showed through the mass of glossy green. Windows alone peeped out of this leafy wrapping. It was a rather windy day and, because the breeze set all the hundreds of thousands of leaves shivering, there was an illusion that the house itself moved, shrank, expanded, and subsided again."Be like living inside a tree," said the taxi man as I was paying him. "You'd think all that stuff would damage the brickwork. I wouldn't fancy it. Friends of yours, are they?""Not yet," I said.Lydstep Old Hall was the first thing I ever drew. Apart from Dogs Growing, that is. I drew it that night, from memory as I was inside the house, and that is how I have drawn everything ever since.Mark's sister-in-law Isabel Croft got me the job. She had been at school with the youngest Cosway girl."Zorah won't be living at home any longer," she said when I asked her to tell me about the family. "I don't really know who will. Ida, certainly. She housekeeps for them. Her other two sisters I never knew well. They may have married or gone to live elsewhere. The house actually belongs to John.""The one I'm to have charge of? He's schizophrenic, is that right?""I don't know," she said. " `Charge' is rather a strange word to use.""Mrs. Cosway's," I said, "not mine.""I never heard a name for what's wrong with John," Isabel said. "It rather puzzles me--but there, I expect Mrs. Cosway knows what she's talking about. There's a trust to administer the estate. It's a strange business, something to do with the way Mr. Cosway left things in his will. I don't suppose you want to know the details. His marriage had gone wrong, I think, and he and Mrs. Cosway hardly spoke to each other in his last years. Mrs. Cosway was always nice to me, but she is rather a difficult woman. Well, you'll see. The house is very big, but they keep some of the rooms shut up."I asked her what she was going to say about being puzzled. She hadn't finished her sentence."I was going to say I wouldn't have thought John needed looking after. You've been a nurse and he didn't need a nurse when I knew him. Of course he sometimes behaved strangely, but he never did any harm. But I don't really know."There were so many things she didn't say. Most of them she simply knew nothing about. The Cosways were good at keeping things hidden--from other people and one another.In the novels of the nineteenth century which I had read while studying English, girls taking posts in country families are always met at the nearest station by some old retainer with a pony and trap. No such offer had been made to me. The Cosways had neither retainer nor pony and the one car they possessed was used by Ella Cosway to go to work. I took a taxi. There were always taxis outside Colchester station and still are for all I know.The route it followed has been much built up since then and the old road has become a three-lane highway. We drove along winding lanes, some of them narrow, for part of the way following the valley of the River Colne, passing the gates of several great houses. I had read a little about the architecture of Essex and knew that the county lacked building stone. Wood, brick, chalk, and flint were the materials used and another material called pudding stone, oblong and rounded pebbles of flint, much used in the construction of churches and of some walls. But the most important material of all was timber and I gazed out of the taxi window, happy to see the information I had read of confirmed in mansions and farmhouses built of tiny Tudor bricks with weatherboarding and half-timbering. Of course it aroused my expectations of what the house I was going to would be like, for Isabel had never described it. It might have a moat, as some did, part of its roof might be thatched, its windows mullioned and its woodwork bare and unstained. And then there was the maze."In the grounds, do you mean?" I'd said to her. "Made of hedges?"But she only laughed and said, "You'll see."My excited anticipation made me ask the driver how much farther it was, and when he said two miles, I had to restrain myself from telling him to hurry up. We bypassed the village but no matter where you were within five miles of Windrose you could hardly fail to see the church, All Saints, its tall rose-red tower a landmark which drew and held your eyes. The Great Red Tower of Windrose, people called it, and some said the name of the village came from its color. Lydstep Old Hall was about half a mile farther on, at the top of a long hill. We approached it along a cart track which the taxi man called a "drive" and which had been graveled over where it opened out and the house was reached. There was no sign of a maze in this part of the grounds, only grass and ancient oak trees and holly.The front door, of weathered oak, was of course set back, a rectangular hole deep in the green canopy. Now they were close to my eyes, I saw how large each shiny leaf was and, when one brushed my face, felt how cool it was to the touch. You can sometimes only tell an artificial houseplant from a real one by touching its leaves, and then there's no doubt. The imitation one feels stiff and dead while the real seems to breathe and yield under your fingers. The leaf that touched my cheek was like that.I rang the bell and a woman came to the door. You may have seen her picture in the papers and on the television, though there weren't many of these and it was so long ago. None of the photographs of family members were good likenesses. The drawing I made of her was nearer, though perhaps it's vain of me to say so. At first I thought she must be an employee. She looked about fifty and wore one of those crossover overalls, the staple of sitcom dailies.She held out her hand and said, "I am Ida Cosway. How do you do?"The hand she gave me was hard and callused, red and work-damaged."Kerstin Kvist," I said and followed her into the hallway, humping my two suitcases.No description of the inside of that house appeared in the papers and I shan't describe it now. Later on I will give some idea of how it was. I shall just say now that this hallway was the oldest part, an ancient vestige of a house which may have dated back to before Tudor times and which Ella Cosway told me had stood on this spot when the Battle of Agincourt was fought. The fine timbering I hoped to see showed on the plastered walls and low ceiling and there was some carving, vague shapes of roses and shields, half-obliterated by time and wear. Facing the front door was a great inglenook fireplace of red and black bricks.Ida asked me if I had eaten and, when I said I had, offered me a cup of tea. Swedes drink far more coffee than tea, but I accepted because I disliked the thought of being shown to my room before I had made my situation and the terms under which I was prepared to work here clear to her (in case her mother had kept them to herself) and found out a little more about this family. She took my cases from me and placed them side by side at the foot of the staircase, rather a mean staircase for such a large house with such a noble hallway, its treads covered in linoleum and its wooden banister rail attached to the bare wall by metal struts. We went down a passage into the kitchen, very large and reasonably well appointed, but the height of its ceiling, all the pots and pans and a lantern hanging from a big black iron contraption the shape of a drying rack, made me think of a film I had seen set in the eighteenth century where food was prepared in just such a place. There were a table and a number of assorted chairs, armchairs as well as the upright kind, and a sofa covered in a blue check blanket."Do sit down," Ida said in her lifeless voice. "You must be tired from your journey.""Not really," I said. "I should like to go out for a walk later.""Goodness," she said. The monotonous tone she invariably spoke in made it unclear whether this was uttered in admiration for my hardihood or dismay at my folly. "Sugar?""No, thank you," and I added hastily, "and no milk either."I had stopped her just in time. The habit of putting milk into an infusion of leaves has always struck me as bizarre. I watched with relief as she passed me a large saucerless mug of neat brown tea, clear as the water of the Colne was in those days."Are your mother and your brother at home?" I asked her."Mother is out with John." I nodded, though the day was gray and the wind rising all the time. "He insists on going out and she doesn't care for him to go alone." She managed to smile at me, a smile that aged her by sending wrinkles up her cheeks and around her eyes. "I expect that will be one of your jobs. They'll soon be back.""Perhaps you'll tell me something of what I'll be expected to do for him. Your mother's letters said very little.""What excellent English you speak," she said. "Really, I didn't expect it.""All Swedes speak English." This was an exaggeration, though most do. "They wouldn't get very far if they didn't. You were telling me about your brother.""Yes," she said. "John, yes."I sensed she disliked the idea and was trying to avoid it, but lacked the cunning or conversational skills to do so. In the ensuing silence, I drank my tea and studied her. She was a tall woman, as tall as I am, and I, to use the system then used in England, am five feet nine. The drawing I did of her four or five weeks later shows a fine-boned face as rough and neglected as her hands, and gray-threaded hair as dull as her dark brown tweed skirt. Perhaps my cartoonist's habit of exaggerating a subject's outstanding feature came into play here, for I doubt if Ida can have been as round-shouldered as she is in my sketch. Whether I rendered the tension that seemed to grip her, I can't tell. It intensified as I pressed her to tell me more about her brother, though I tried to speak gently.She spoke more rapidly, as if anxious to say what had to be said as fast as possible, so that pleasanter things could be discussed. "He was quite normal as a little boy. Later on he began to get--strange. My mother has her own theories as to what started it off and so does our doctor, Dr. Lombard. He treats John. He needs constant care--well, watching.""I'm very sorry. Your mother takes care of him?" --This text refers to an alternate kindle_edition edition. From The Washington Post Twenty years ago, a great storyteller split herself in two: Ruth Rendell moved over to make room for Barbara Vine. As Rendell, she has continued her Inspector Wexford series and added to a long list of stand-alone thrillers. As Vine, she has written a dozen novels -- the latest being The Minotaur -- that stretch the mystery genre's boundaries until only a hair-splitter can say where it leaves off and "serious" literature begins. (To complete the picture, a third persona now inhabits this complex woman; having been made a life peer, she is Baroness Rendell of Babergh.) Still going strong in her mid-seventies, Rendell/Vine has more than 50 novels to her credit -- a record of quantity and quality that calls to mind the prolific Anthony Trollope (one of whose novels Rendell has introduced for Penguin Classics). Typically in a Vine production, whodunit is less momentous than how in the world it could have happened -- how a mildly unstable situation could have gotten so out of hand that murder capped it off. The first book published under the Vine nom de plume, A Dark-Adapted Eye (1986), is a cardinal example. Before reading a single word of the text, you can learn that one Vera Hillyard was hanged for murder -- the dust jacket says so. Then the book takes off in another direction: As we watch, fascinated, Vine shows how a particular combination of unorthodox family structure, character flaws and circumstances led the very conventional Vera to kill someone to whom she had long been close. Deservedly, A Dark-Adapted Eye won an Edgar Award for best mystery of the year. The Minotaur resembles A Dark-Adapted Eye in conjuring up a genteel English milieu that breeds violence. The new book opens with a chance encounter between two women, one of whom once worked as a nurse in the other's house, Lydstep Old Hall -- a name that suits its down-at-the-heels grandeur. Hidden behind a webbing of Virginia creeper, the hall was the residence of the Cosways, who lacked the funds to keep it up properly. Among other features, the estate was reputed to have a maze. Only after the narrator, Kerstin Kvist, arrived from her native Sweden to take up her post did she learn that this was an internal puzzle, laid out inside the Hall's vast library. Her patient, John Cosway, was the minotaur of the title -- the monster at the heart of the labyrinth. Or so, at least, his family considered him. Now married to an Englishman, Kerstin explains all this in the long flashback that takes up most of the book. A chance encounter has summoned up the past, specifically the late 1960s, when she showed up at Lydstep Old Hall like a callow but educated young lady in a Brontë novel. She joined a family of sniping women -- a mother and her four adult daughters -- along with one man, their brother John, kept heavily medicated because he was thought to be schizophrenic. It didn't take Kerstin long to suspect that John's chief problem was the medication itself. Under a provision of his late father's will, the estate was John's in trust, and the women seemed to be using his eccentricities -- above all, an abhorrence of being touched -- as an excuse to keep him drugged into submission. (Savvy readers will figure out, even before Nurse Kerstin, that John was not crazy but autistic.) While John slept a lot and otherwise avoided the female Cosways, they were busy feeding upon internecine scandals and rivalries. For example, it was common knowledge that the youngest daughter was the illegitimate child of Mrs. Cosway and the family physician, the very one whose prescription kept John subdued. Two other daughters were feuding over a local artist, who slept with whichever one he was in the mood for -- never mind that the elder was engaged to the clergyman whose church they all attended. These rancid affairs nurtured what Kerstin considered a peculiarly English blend of jealousy and hypocritical moralizing, and she was caught in the middle. It got so bad that hostility reached her even from behind, so to speak. After a particularly tense moment with Ida, one of the sisters, Kerstin thought: "Backs can be as eloquent as faces and hers, round-shouldered, slack under the floral cotton overall and moth-holed gray sweater, the muscles giving one nervous twitch, told me she had nothing to say to me and would welcome my departure." Away from the prevailing malevolence, Kerstin and John carved out a friendship. She treated him like an adult, and he warmed to her insofar as his condition permitted -- much to Mrs. Cosway's disapproval. How the dynamics of this backbiting family resolved themselves is the burden of Kerstin's story. Elegant and gripping, The Minotaur flags just at the end because that bookish labyrinth doesn't live up to the role that the title seems to promise for it. But even a less-than-celestial Vine is far superior to the average mystery. Reviewed by Dennis Drabelle Copyright 2006, The Washington Post. All Rights Reserved. --This text refers to an alternate kindle_edition edition. From Publishers Weekly British master Vine (aka Ruth Rendell) explores life among the Cosways, a country gentry clan that makes the Wuthering Heights crowd look wholesome. Kerstin Kvist, a young Swedish nurse, takes a job at Lydstep Old Hall caring for John Cosway, a mathematical prodigy now labeled by his family as schizophrenic. In addition to John, there are four obsessive sisters ruled by their scarecrow-like matriarch. Gradually, Kerstin suspects that John is being drugged so that his mother and sisters can remain in their estate under the terms of a disputed trust. Vine creates a family and village, Windrose, so vivid you're tempted to book a B and B and investigate things yourself. Some scenes involving John's behavior—his fits and his family's reactions—seem abrupt to the point of being bizarre, but Vine is describing a man hijacked from rationality, through a narrator whose first language isn't English. When murder finally happens, it's simultaneously shocking yet inevitable. Though less elegantly written than 2002's The Blood Doctor , this delivers a more palpable, and thus satisfying, crime. (Mar.) Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. --This text refers to an alternate kindle_edition edition. From Booklist Barbara Vine is the pen name of Ruth Rendell. It's odd to think that such an acclaimed and public figure as Rendell (who has won almost every mystery award in the genre) would assume a pen name, until you notice the differences in the novels appearing under the Rendell and Vine names. Rendell writes precision mysteries, as spare and gaunt as an iron fence. But Vine is Rendell's exuberant other half. Vine thrillers are almost rococo in the expanse of plot and character, skirting close to self-indulgence at times. In the latest Vine, a Swedish nurse named Kirstin Kvist looks back at the central mystery of her life, something that happened back in the 1960s, when she journeyed to crumbling Lydstep Old Hall in Essex, England, to care for a melancholy 39-year-old man with a puzzling ailment. The tale starts as a medical mystery, with Kvist trying to determine what is wrong with the heir to the family fortune. It segues into a Victorian novel of manners when Kvist discovers a plot to wrest the fortune away, a plot that predictably leads to murder. This is very satisfying reading, a sort of blend of Edgar Allan Poe and Anthony Trollope. Readers of both Rendell and Vine will love this expansive excursion. Connie Fletcher Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved --This text refers to an alternate kindle_edition edition. Read more

Features & Highlights

  • From the author
  • Time
  • magazine calls “the best mystery writer in the English-speaking world,” comes an elegant and gripping new novel that blurs the line between psychological suspense and Gothic horror. Kerstin Krist arrives at the vine-covered Lydstep Old Hall in rural Essex to care for John Cosway, a former mathematical genius, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and kept under heavy sedation. John is the sole heir of the immense Cosway estate. As he takes his daily walks or sits quivering in a labyrinthine library, the rest of the family plots their own ways of coming into the fortune. It is classic Barbara Vine–an absolutely enthralling tale that keeps turning and twisting until the very last page.

Customer Reviews

Rating Breakdown

★★★★★
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Most Helpful Reviews

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Be glad that you’re not one of them ...

I love Ruth Rendell’s dark and morbid take on everyday life. I’d never heard of The Minotaur before and I blew threw it — great escapism, especially if you need a touch of “things could be worse” right now. I won’t lie — definitely not hearts and flowers with flying unicorns, but those familiar with Rendell wouldn’t expect that. Enjoy!
10 people found this helpful
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Twisted Sisters and More

I loved the frightening mother and her equally scary daughters in this wonderful book. The Minataur remains at the top of my Must Read Again book collection. If you like creepy families with enormous secrets, a dark manor estate, and a deeply misunderstood character caught in a web of family pathology , this is the book for you.
7 people found this helpful
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The Minotaur, or, I should have known what would happen if I started reading it

It was late one night. I was reading more and enjoying it less – sometimes as many as five different titles at once!. Like everyone else, I was slowly going covid- confinement crazy. Suddenly I was notified via email that I could download a title by Barbara Vine/Ruth Rendell for a reasonable sum.

I knew I’d read The Minotaur when it came out in 2005. I remembered virtually nothing about it. So why not? I downloaded it, and began reading, just to remind myself of the story. Two days later, having ignored everything else I was reading, I finished it.

Well. What did I expect? The power of Rendell’s narratives still amazes me. I was hooked, hopelessly, from the first page.

A young woman named Kerstin Kvist travels from her native Sweden to England. She has a boyfriend in London whom she wants to spend time with. But they are not yet at the stage of moving in together, so she must find somewhere to stay. A friend recommends that she apply for a position in the Essex countryside with a family named Cosway. They have a mentally disabled son and desire someone to provide some companionship for him and at the same time to watch over him and keep him from harm.

Thus does Kerstin come to live with the Cosways. The family consists of the mother Julia, four daughters, and John, the afflicted son. All save one of the daughters live in Lydstep Old Hall, the family manor house. Ida, the eldest daughter, is the family drudge, doing virtually all the housework including meal preparation. The next two daughters, Ella and Winifred, are eccentric but in radically different ways. Zorah, the youngest, is independently wealthy, coming and going from Lydstep at erratic, unpredictable times.

I have to say, they are among the most unlikable characters I’ve ever encountered in a work of fiction. Despite wanting to yell at them at regular intervals, I could not stop reading about them.

I should mention that this story is told in retrospect, in the first person. It actually takes place in the nineteen sixties, although you’d hardly know it, so isolated do Old Lydstep Hall and its inhabitants seem to be.

It’s hard for me to explain exactly why I found this book so compelling. You do get the sense, right from the start, that events are building towards some awful climax. Rendell is a master at creating an atmosphere of accumulating dread. The only authors I know that are her equal in this dire craft are Ian McEwan and Edgar Allan Poe.

By the by, a strange thing about the narrator. The proper Swedish pronunciation of her name, Kerstin, is ‘Shashtin.’ I verified this by means of Google Translate. Not that I actually doubt it: Ruth Rendell’s mother was born in Sweden to Danish parents and brought up in Denmark. (Her father was English.) The pronunciation of her name is at issue throughout the novel.

Oh, Baroness Rendell of Babergh, how I do miss the unforced genius that flowed from your pen! But I will be returning to your oeuvre more frequently, now that I know that it can still exerts such power over me.
5 people found this helpful
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Steeped in Mid-sixties culture.

The book was a wonderful introduction to an author unfamiliar to me. The voice adapted by the author is unique and a most enjoyable throwback to a style popular in novels of earlier decades. Quite artfully drawn characters dominate the story line, their inherent flaws defining its conclusion. Wonderfully genteel suspense!
2 people found this helpful
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The Amazing Ruth Rendell

If I read Ruth Rendell aka Barbara Vine just for her character development, I'm a happy camper. Some writers get stale and repetitive but there seems to be no limitations on Rendell's imagination. This wasn't my absolute favorite of her diction but she always keeps me intrigued
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Wonderful!

Creepy and wonderful. Reads like vintage Daphne du Maurier. Cast of very weird characters masquerading as harmless eccentrics, with a slightly clueless au pair tossed into their midst for mysterious and probably unpleasant reasons.
2 people found this helpful
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Old school suspense

Vine's writing is exemplary, it pulls you in on a pace that's both seductive and near-Jamesian.
1 people found this helpful
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Wonderful!

This was so much better! I had just read Rendell’s first book, DoonWith Death, a rather dreadful experience, when Amazon recommended this one. What a difference. This is a book of substance. The writing and the story are just riveting. Highly recommended. Proof that people can learn from experience.
And oh yes, deals with an issue of substance that was just really being brought to the fore in our society, Autism.
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Very satisfying

I was told that Ruth Rendell was the finest English mystery writer. This book is perfect evidence to that fact.
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Deep and Dark

Few writers rival Barbara Vine for sheer story telling power. Her characters are vivid and psychologically sound, if eccentric. Her plots are usually excellent. Her mysteries under her given name, Ruth Rendell, are some of the cleverest in the genre. This tale.isn’t so much a mystery as an exploration of remote country living, small minded people, and the effects of isolation and the human condition in general in the pre internet era. She offers remarkable insights into Aspergers, though how accurate the information is 16 years later I couldn’t say. I will say her ability to pull her readers in and keep them turning the pages to the end is unfailing. Why 4 stars? Unlike her mysteries, this tale is dark, only loosely resolved, and somewhat depressing. Though she’s a brilliant writer, I much prefer her mysteries.